Although CO2 is a greenhouse gas (GHG), its atmospheric concentration is much lower than that of other GHGs, e.g. However, there is a general fear that continuing to accumulate CO2 into the atmosphere (or continuing with an inefficient use of natural resources) may increase the temperature of our planet. As the emission of CO2 is related to the amount of C-based fuels burned or goods used, it becomes an easy “witness” of the impact humans are causing on Earth (even if not the direct cause). This means that 73–65% of the original chemical energy is released to the atmosphere in the form of heat, often at high temperature, causing its direct heating. ![]() As a matter of fact, humans are using C-based resources in a “highly inefficient” way: the efficiency of conversion of chemical energy (fossils or biomass) into other forms of energy (electrical, thermal, mechanical, etc.) ranges around 27–35%. Whether CO2 is the direct actor or is an “indicator” of the impact caused by human activities on the atmosphere, is in question. 3 and 4) that may cause non-return catastrophic events. A correlation exists between the consumption of energy-the CO2 emission-the accumulation in the atmosphere and the increase of the planet temperature (Figs. The atmospheric level of CO2 is the “warning light” for the “health” of our planet. This has caused the continuous accumulation of atmospheric CO2 which has reached 408 ppm these days with respect to 275 ppm of the preindustrial era. The intensity of the emission of CO2 has continuously grown and parallels the growth of both the population and average standard of life. The use of all such materials causes the formation of CO2, which is emitted into the atmosphere. The Carbon Dioxide Problem Surface (biomass) and sub-surface (fossil-C such as coal, oil, gas) C-based assets have been, and will be for long time yet, used as source of energy and goods by humans. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: GewerbestraCham, Switzerland The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. ![]() Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. ![]() The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Library of Congress Control Number: 2019936294 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. Sibudjing Kawi Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore Iftekhar Karimi Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore Michele Aresta Iftekhar Karimi Sibudjing Kawi EditorsĮditors Michele Aresta IC2R srl, Lab H124, Tecnopolis Valenzano, Italy An Economy Based on Carbon Dioxide and Water Potential of Large Scale Carbon Dioxide UtilizationĪn Economy Based on Carbon Dioxide and Water
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